2.
   2024
/   
 
|    (1799-1966) |
 : 3     :100
:     -     ,     
                     
 -
1. 1790              
2.       ,          '  
 -
3.  -          
4.           
 -
5.             '  
2.
6.          
-
7.             
8. 1947               '   
  
   2024
/   
 
|    (1799-1966) |
 : 3     :100
:     -     ,     
                     
 -
1. 1790              
:1790             
         -      ,  
   ,                ' 
2.
,             -  ' 
 ,    ,           
   ,  1790          
  
           -- 
1.       
18
   ,   -  200         
'    -      (1707)    ,    
    ,      
    
    
  
1790   :
     
         
      
  
    ',         -     
    

2.       
    , 18
       ()   
              
  -      
 1790   :
    (1772)
           
        
     :


   
2.
        ,     -    -
 
3.     -  
1790             
 :
  
     ()  
   
  '  
 12   ,  :
 
 
 
 
  
  18
             1790
  ,         
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  

        ,    ' -  
4.      
1790   ,     
   ,     
        
   :
    
    
   
2.
    
 :
             
          
      
    ',       
    :
  


         
5.    
        -     '    
 '   ,         
1790   :
     
       
  
   
      
   1799   ,           - 
1790             
 
6.    
1790   ,        -  ,   

2.
         12        
1790   :
      
    
 
 
      
   ,    :
 
 
  
    -   ,     
7. -    -  
  ', 1790           :
-  ( )
    , , 
    
     
     (   )
  
 
   
        19
        
 
8.   '    
1790      
         
:
-  
2.
 (  )
  
   
    1790           
        
     :
 
 
        -         

9. 1790        

       ,      '   
 :
   
 
   
- 
      
 
:
  
 
 
 
        
10.        
      :
          
  
2.
   
   
    :
 
  
 
    ,       '  
11. 1790     
?
1790     
         
 
     :
1.    
2.     
3.      
        :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
    1799       
12. : 1790          
1790             :
     
    
        
    
    
   
   '       

2.
1790        ,  ,  ,  
                  ,
             ,   
    
    ,    ,   ,  
    -        -  
  1790               
 
 
2.       ,          '  
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
                 
     
    :
o    '      ,      
            
o             '
  ,     
     :
o          ,  
       
o          ,  
    
  :
o     ,         

o    ,         
  ,        
  
 ,       -      
   
󷙣󷙤󷙥     
       ,       
     
2.
   :
o   ,          
    -
o           ,  
        
    :
o 
         ,    
   
o    ,      ,  
     
 
o            
     
    :
o        
o       ,   
   
     
    (  )   (   )  
󷊨󷊩  
              ,   
       
  :
o ,       - 
o          - 
,       
   :
o    '      ,      
 
o ,       ,   ,    
    
  :
o         
 , 
  
o        ,     
    
      :
o           ,   
         
o       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
2.
,             
       
     -
        
            
󽆪󽆫󽆬
              
           ,  
      ,      
   
 -
3.  -          
::  -      
 -        ,        

         ,  1799  1839
  '       ,    ,  
    
, 1839     ,  -      :
      
  
   '   
    
     -  (1845-46) ,        
:
   '  
    
       
    
2.
     
         ,      
      
              
       -    
 -    
 -    
   1846  1848    
,       
1.        
 -   ,           
 
      '  ,         
    
:
     
    
     
          '        
2.       
            
:
     
    
      
     
2.
 ,               

          
3.     
   ,      
 -   , :
   
     
  
       -    
           
        
4.      (  )
 -     1848    
         :
  
 
              
  
     ,        '   
 
          
           
2.
5.        
    ,        
        ,     
     ,         
       :
       
    
      
    
6.          
               
  
   :
    
   
   
   
        
    
       '     
 -  
  1848      1849   
    :
  
  
2.
  
  
     (1849)  ,         
     
   ,    
 -    
          
1.    (1849)
        
1849 :
       
     
    
       
            
2.       
   :
     
    
  
  
      '  

    '   
2.
3.        
       ,    :
     
     
     
        

4.   
         
     :
   
   
    
       
5.     
       
   :
  
 
  
   
            
  ,       -    
6.       
   ,       
2.
   '   , :
      
 " "  
       
            
7.    
    '    -    
    :
  
 
 
  
    -   
8.     '    
      :
      

      
    
          :
1857    
 
  
           

2.
 -  (1848-49)      
 -      
           
   :
 
 
 
 
   
  
   :
  
   
  
     
    
  ,               
 
4.           
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      
 
:   1875         
   ,   -    
  :
o     (   )
o        
o  -,   ,       
  
o    ,    ' 
    ,      -      ,
         
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
2.
             
  :
o       1877      

o  ,  ,       
 :
o     - ()     ,
    -  
o          ,   
          
   :
o       -   
o   -       

o        ,   

   :
o       '  ,      

o   (  )    ,     
             
        
󷊨󷊩         
      
 -        
  :
o             
       
o           
   :
o     ,      '
      
o               
  
    :
o 1894  1908  ,        
     ,    ' 
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
2.
1.   :
o             
o   ,      
2.    :
o       ,   
 
o     
     
3.    :
o       ,     
o             
    
4.    :
o            
o             
󽆪󽆫󽆬
           -   ,  
    -,     , 
          

,           ',  
          
 -
5.             '  
:󷋃󷋄󷋅󷋆:      
20
                
                 
                
 ,   
1919 ,       ,      
              " "
    -      -      
 ,   , .    .      
            10 
2.
1919 ,               
        ,      
󹵝󹵟󹵞 :    
               ,   
    13  1919 ,    ',     
              
'                
        '     

󹼅󹼆󹼇󹼈󹼉󹼊󹼋: 13  1919   
 ,          
      50  (    )   
        ,       
      
 10  ,      '  1,650    
      
 -   ,      
                  

    379   1,200         
     1,000   
       " "       - 
                
      
󺆅󺈚󺆶󺈛󺈝󺈞󺈟󺈜       
             
;  
      , , ,       
     
 ,         -   '

    ,   '   ,     
    :      
2.
󹺖󹺗󹺕   :  
?
              :
󷄧󷄫     
               
            '  
      -  '     
      
󷄧󷄬    
         '    ,
        
     

     ,    
󷄧󷄭     
      
 :   
,  
               
   ""             
 
 
󷄧󷄮 
10             
 ,     '          
   
 
󷇮󷇭     
        
         
     " " 
  ,        
               
   ( )         
2.
                -
       '      
     '  
             :
󷄧󷄫     
1919  ,         -    
   ,          
      
󷄧󷄬     
      '          
             
󷄧󷄭 '  
              
  ,         (1920)   
   , ,         
  
󷄧󷄮   
           
               - 
        
󷄰󷄯      
              
          
󼩏󼩐󼩑     
        1919  ,  
  '  :
2.
 
    
   
  ,           

-   -   
󷩡󷩟󷩠     
,             '  
          , 13       
  
               
             
󽆪󽆫󽆬
       
;      
       ,      ,  
             ,  
     
6.          
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌
19
    20
   ,       
     ,          
       ,    ,    
           ,    '
,             
󷙣󷙤󷙥        
1.        
    
 ,       

2.
         ,     
   
              ,  
   
2.     
,          ,   
 
    ,         
             

3.       
   (19
  )        ,  
   '   
     '    ,   
  '       
4.    
       
     

    ,      
             
 
5.     
20
            
           , 

       -       
 ,         


6.           
  (      ) ,     
      1921 ,       , 
         ,       
            
           
2.
󷊨󷊩   
    (SGPC)   1920     
      
 ,   ,        '
    ()  
       ,     
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
  ,     ,    1925  
   
        ,    
     
              
       
󽆪󽆫󽆬
          :   , 
  ,  ,  ,   
          
 -  
,        
-
7.             
:       
       ,     '   

,              , ,
   -  , ,       
    , -     '  ,   
     
 , 19
    20
   ,       
 -   ,       , 
                   
,        
,   
2.
1.        :     
     ,           -
        
       
    
    ,     
             
      (19
  )  ,   
 
    '     
  ?      '  ,     
 
2.       
1849       ,      : ,
,            
     
()      
      ,      
,    -          , 
       ,        
   
()     
   '         :
  
    
  (    )
        ;      
   -     
2.
3.           
19
   ,           
 ,        
()    (  )
    ,        
:
    
 (- ) 
        
         
()    (  )
              :
     
   
      
      
()     
          :
----
  
   
     '     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         
,   
   
4.       :  
2.
          
1909 (- ) ,          :
       
     
      
,       '     
           
    
5.       
-          
  
                
:
      
    
   
  
        :
   
 
           
  
   '  :
   
  
   
2.
           
    -    
6.       
      
    
     
       
   ,    ,            
7.       
         
       ,
              
  (20
   )      :
 

 
 
  "-"       '     

8.      
          
 
        ,       
:
-
-
2.
     '  

 
1930-40   ,        ,     
 
  
           

 ,       
9.     
1940   ,             :
       
       
       
  ,    :


 
     '   
10.  :     (1947)
        
     :
  (,  )
  (, - )
   :
  ' 
 
2.
    
              
11.       
 -    (  )
  ,       :
1.          
2.    
3.        
4.      
5.     , ,   
6.    
7.         
8.       
    -        
12.   :     
      
:
   
,      
       
              
       
 ,         '     


       
      
  '     -    ,   ,
      - ,    - 
   
2.
20
   ,        
 -     
        -           
   ,             
8. 1947               '   
  
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
     
 -   ,      
     -   -  
  
 ,          
     
   14  18           
  
󷙣󷙤󷙥        
1.    
           
 ,     -    
-,  ,      -    
2.     
      ,       
 
         ,     
 
        
3.    -
           
 
          
         ,    
  
2.
4.    
             

             
 
, ,          
5.  
           ,  

   ,    ,     
            ' 
 
6.   
           
 
 ,   ,        

 ,   ,       
7.  

       
   ,           
          
󷊨󷊩 (      )  
        
       ,      
 ' ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
  ,        
      ,    
             

,        
2.
󽆪󽆫󽆬  
1947            
 - 
    
  ,   ,        
 , ,             
        
     '           
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
              
       ,  , ,  ,
 ,           ,
    ,   -   
 ,             
"                 
 
          ,         
 "